5 simples passos para bater o mercado
VirtuaGod Escreveu:joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu: which we backtest from 1998-2012, both in- and out-of-sample.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cf ... 35&mirid=1
'98 a 2012 não é um backtest digno do nome lol
Há alguns papers que me parecem interessantes sobre o assunto e irei ler(incluindo um do Sharpe). Obrigado pela partilha!
Olha para a redução do "maxdrawdown" nos vários modelos e depois imagina que escolhes activos/ETF's com mais potencial, ex: BOND vs BND...
joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu: which we backtest from 1998-2012, both in- and out-of-sample.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cf ... 35&mirid=1
'98 a 2012 não é um backtest digno do nome lol
Há alguns papers que me parecem interessantes sobre o assunto e irei ler(incluindo um do Sharpe). Obrigado pela partilha!
Artigos e estudos: Página repositório dos meus estudos e análises que vou fazendo. Regularmente actualizada. É costume pelo menos mais um estudo por semana. Inclui a análise e acompanhamento das carteiras 4 e 8Fundos.
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
VirtuaGod Escreveu:O que pretendo fazer é um bem sucedido Tactical asset allocation porque não vejo nada de jeito por aí!!
Analisa este e depois diz-me se é interessante.
Generalized Momentum and Flexible Asset Allocation (FAA): An Heuristic Approach
In this paper we extend the timeseries momentum (or trendfollowing) model towards a generalized momentum model, called Flexible Asset Allocation (FAA). This is done by adding new momentum factors to the traditional momentum factor R based on the relative returns among assets. These new factors are called Absolute momentum (A), Volatility momentum (V) and Correlation momentum (C). Each asset is ranked on each of the four factors R, A, V and C. By using a linearised representation of a loss function representing risk/return, we are able to arrive at simple closed form solutions for our flexible asset allocation strategy based on these four factors. We demonstrate the generalized momentum model by using a 7 asset portfolio model, which we backtest from 1998-2012, both in- and out-of-sample.
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cf ... 35&mirid=1
joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu:VirtuaGod Escreveu:
Risk Parity é passivo com todas as qualidade e defeitos inerentes (o All Weather Portfolio é super bem sucedido e tem cerca de $50B sob gestão). Eu acho que podemos aumentar retornos ajustados ao risco com gestão activa, dentro de um bom "Asset Allocation". Não alterando tudo mas sim fazer ajustes na alocação de cada activo. Ou seja seria como fundir "Asset Allocation" com técnicas de TrendFollowing e Counter Trend Following e estratégias quantitativas semelhantes para tentarmos descobrir em que activos devemos ter mais peso alocado. Obviamente que saber o futuro é muito complicado pelo que nunca saímos completamente de um conceito de "Asset Allocation" e "Always Long", semelhante a um Asset allocation "dinâmico".
O que pretendo fazer é um bem sucedido Tactical asset allocation porque não vejo nada de jeito por aí!!
E já leste acerca da estratégia de que fala o Ray de que descobriu e mantém 15 ou mais activos com retorno, não correlacionados, conseguindo reduzir o risco em 80%.
Penso que a posição nos activos deve ser temporária e para continuar a obter um retorno excepcional, ele tem de identificar o ciclo macroeconomico do mercado, antever a tendência e apostar nos activos que vão perder ou ganhar, além de que diversifica em muitos mercados.
PS: Quando Ray Dalio foi entrevistado por Jack Schwager, referiu que:
People think that a thing called correlation exists. That’s wrong. What is really happening is that each market is behaving logically based on its
own determinants, and as the nature of those determinants changes, what we call correlation changes. For example, when economic growth
expectations are volatile, stocks and bonds will be negatively correlated because if growth slows, it will cause both stock prices and interest
rates to decline. However, in an environment where inflation expectations are volatile, stocks and bonds will be positively correlated because
interest rates will go up with higher inflation, which is detrimental to both bonds and stocks. So both relationships are totally logical, even
though they are exact opposites of each other. If you try to represent the stock/bond relationship with one correlation statistic, it denies the
causality of the correlation.
Correlation is just the word people use to take an average of how two prices have behaved together. When I am setting up my trading bets, I
am not looking at correlation; I am looking at whether the drivers are different. I am choosing 15 or more assets that behave differently for
logical reasons. I may talk about the return streams in the portfolio being uncorrelated, but be aware that I’m not using the term correlation the
way most people do. I am talking about the causation, not the measure.
Está a falar com certeza do outro portfolio da BridgeWater. Esse é activo. Mas nunca li nada sobre esse portfolio!! Sei contudo que no ano passado fez 18% acho e que nos últimos 20 e tal anos só tem 3 anos negativos com uma rentabilidade próxima dos 20%

Artigos e estudos: Página repositório dos meus estudos e análises que vou fazendo. Regularmente actualizada. É costume pelo menos mais um estudo por semana. Inclui a análise e acompanhamento das carteiras 4 e 8Fundos.
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
VirtuaGod Escreveu:
Risk Parity é passivo com todas as qualidade e defeitos inerentes (o All Weather Portfolio é super bem sucedido e tem cerca de $50B sob gestão). Eu acho que podemos aumentar retornos ajustados ao risco com gestão activa, dentro de um bom "Asset Allocation". Não alterando tudo mas sim fazer ajustes na alocação de cada activo. Ou seja seria como fundir "Asset Allocation" com técnicas de TrendFollowing e Counter Trend Following e estratégias quantitativas semelhantes para tentarmos descobrir em que activos devemos ter mais peso alocado. Obviamente que saber o futuro é muito complicado pelo que nunca saímos completamente de um conceito de "Asset Allocation" e "Always Long", semelhante a um Asset allocation "dinâmico".
O que pretendo fazer é um bem sucedido Tactical asset allocation porque não vejo nada de jeito por aí!!
E já leste acerca da estratégia de que fala o Ray de que descobriu e mantém 15 ou mais activos com retorno, não correlacionados, conseguindo reduzir o risco em 80%.
Penso que a posição nos activos deve ser temporária e para continuar a obter um retorno excepcional, ele tem de identificar o ciclo macroeconomico do mercado, antever a tendência e apostar nos activos que vão perder ou ganhar, além de que diversifica em muitos mercados.
PS: Quando Ray Dalio foi entrevistado por Jack Schwager, referiu que:
People think that a thing called correlation exists. That’s wrong. What is really happening is that each market is behaving logically based on its
own determinants, and as the nature of those determinants changes, what we call correlation changes. For example, when economic growth
expectations are volatile, stocks and bonds will be negatively correlated because if growth slows, it will cause both stock prices and interest
rates to decline. However, in an environment where inflation expectations are volatile, stocks and bonds will be positively correlated because
interest rates will go up with higher inflation, which is detrimental to both bonds and stocks. So both relationships are totally logical, even
though they are exact opposites of each other. If you try to represent the stock/bond relationship with one correlation statistic, it denies the
causality of the correlation.
Correlation is just the word people use to take an average of how two prices have behaved together. When I am setting up my trading bets, I
am not looking at correlation; I am looking at whether the drivers are different. I am choosing 15 or more assets that behave differently for
logical reasons. I may talk about the return streams in the portfolio being uncorrelated, but be aware that I’m not using the term correlation the
way most people do. I am talking about the causation, not the measure.
joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu:VirtuaGod, podes ver o video seguinte a partir do tempo 0:47:30 até 0:51:52 e comentar a estratégia de Ray Dalio no sentido de que se aproxima do objectivo dos 20%?
Risk Parity é passivo com todas as qualidade e defeitos inerentes (o All Weather Portfolio é super bem sucedido e tem cerca de $50B sob gestão). Eu acho que podemos aumentar retornos ajustados ao risco com gestão activa, dentro de um bom "Asset Allocation". Não alterando tudo mas sim fazer ajustes na alocação de cada activo. Ou seja seria como fundir "Asset Allocation" com técnicas de TrendFollowing e Counter Trend Following e estratégias quantitativas semelhantes para tentarmos descobrir em que activos devemos ter mais peso alocado. Obviamente que saber o futuro é muito complicado pelo que nunca saímos completamente de um conceito de "Asset Allocation" e "Always Long", semelhante a um Asset allocation "dinâmico".
O que pretendo fazer é um bem sucedido Tactical asset allocation porque não vejo nada de jeito por aí!!
P.S. Em Relação à questão do K. só tenho a dizer que tb não sei o que significa!!
Artigos e estudos: Página repositório dos meus estudos e análises que vou fazendo. Regularmente actualizada. É costume pelo menos mais um estudo por semana. Inclui a análise e acompanhamento das carteiras 4 e 8Fundos.
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Por pesquisa no Caldeirão:
http://caldeiraodebolsa.jornaldenegocio ... &start=950
VirtuaGod, podes ver o video seguinte a partir do tempo 0:47:30 até 0:51:52 e comentar a estratégia de Ray Dalio no sentido de que se aproxima do objectivo dos 20%?
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/SFaRazMpxcM?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFaRazMpxcM
Mais uma estratégia:
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ze_zDhnc_ns?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze_zDhnc_ns
At the Bloomberg Markets 50 Summit on Thursday, Ray Dalio spoke about his trading strategy for the first time ever (we think) in public.
It's actually quite simple. He's found that 15 uncorrelated return streams is the perfect number - any more than that and you only reduce your risk by a small percentage. But at 15, you reduce your risk by about 80%.
How you choose those 15 depends on your view of gold, for example. However you can take no view. Your cIf you have 15 or more good, uncorrelated return streams -- the math of that is such that if you go from 1 to 2 uncorrelated return streams. That you will reduce your risk by about 80% at about 15. And there's a certain math to it; there's a certain structure to it. If I was to show you a chart, I could describe it mathematically. So for example, if I had return streams that were 60% correlated, and I had a thousand of them, I would only reduce the risk by about 15%. And after 5 or 6, it's limited. SO there's a certain notion when approaching investing. What do I want? I need to have a certain structure. That can come in the form of alphas and betas. What is my risk neutral position? I'll say everybody in the room, they say what should I invest in? They don't start off, I think, with what is a neutral position. What represents a good neutral position, balance? For example, does gold represent a part of my portfolio? What should, if I had no view, what should the concentration in dollars be? What is a structural beta portfolio? And then how do I take a deviation from that beta portfolio? And how do I do that in an uncorrelated way, so that I can then maximize my return to risk? So in that first principle, what I'm saying is that if you follow that first principle and you get 15 good -- don't have to be great -- uncorrelated return streams, you'll improve your return to your risk by a factor of 5. That means 5 times the return for the same amount of risk. That's just a principle; that's a reality...
When I say uncorrelated asset classes, what I'm really doing is not using the classic measure of correlation, like stocks and bonds are 40% correlated. What I am instead really referring to us, do you know how they behave, and is it intrinsically going to behave alike or differently?
Dalio also said some interesting things about what he assumes will happen during the daily "exchange."
O artigo seguinte refere a carteira balanceada em risk parity:
The truly balanced portfolio
http://www.ipe.com/magazine/the-truly-b ... _37013.php
01 Oct 2010
Martin Steward spoke with the pioneer of alpha/beta separation and ‘risk parity' about strategic diversified beta portfolios
Investors who want at least part of their asset management programme to be an efficient, strategic exposure to global markets that requires minimal forecasting or tactical asset allocation ability face a knotty problem.
Finding two types of risk that respond differently to the two fundamental economic environments - growth and recession - is the easy part. Fixed income assets like bonds will do well when things slow down; growth assets like equities will do well when they heat up again. Achieving a balanced portfolio should be as simple as holding both and rebalancing regularly.
But achieving this balance isn't easy, of course, because bonds and equities exhibit different risk/return characteristics. Split your portfolio 50/50 and, while 50% of your asset allocation is in equities, those equities account for about 70% of your allocation to risk (crudely defined), because they are twice as volatile as bonds. 50/50 is really 70/30. Try to achieve a 50/50 risk allocation, and you end up with something more like a 35/65 portfolio. Which is great - except your gains will be paltry because bonds earn about half the long-term return of equities.
For some time two basic solutions to this problem have been proposed. The most widely implemented has simply extended the modern portfolio theory principle that underpins the initial equity/bond split (combining two assets with low correlation with one another can reduce risk more than it reduces return) into the equity side of the portfolio. By combining ‘diversified growth' asset classes, the theory suggests that an investor can maintain the return of a growth portfolio while bringing its risk closer to that of a bond portfolio. Reality, particularly the kind of reality we got in 2008, suggests that much of that diversification can evaporate from time to time; and during these times, not only is the risk not lower, it is usually higher because volatility rises as downside directional correlation increases.
The second basic solution has come to be known as a ‘risk parity' portfolio. As that name suggests, this also tries to bring the relative volatility of fixed income and growth assets into parity, but the key emphasis is less on diversifying the growth part than on leveraging the fixed income part (usually via bond futures). The last couple of years has seen a flurry of interest in risk parity, particularly among US institutional investors, but it was pioneered almost 15 years ago by Ray Dalio, president, CIO and founder of $80bn asset management giant Bridgewater Associates. Founded in 1975 as a provider of economic research and advice and a fixed income and currency hedging manager for corporates and, later, institutional investors, by 1991 it had launched a hedge fund, Pure Alpha, now worth $50bn.
What is a hedge fund manager doing experimenting with dull stuff like strategic beta solutions? Well, Dalio pioneered risk parity in part because he had also pioneered ideas like alpha/beta separation, based on his conviction (now much more widely-accepted) that it is impossible to manage either one efficiently as long as they are being mixed together. Once you have decided that you should manage the two separately, it makes sense to make them both as efficient as possible on their own terms. Moreover, Dalio had a personal reason to develop an efficient strategic beta solution. "In the mid-90s I started to accumulate some money that I wanted to use to establish a family trust, and for that trust I wanted the right asset allocation mix," he recalls. "That's when I created the All Weather portfolio, which now accounts for virtually all of that family trust money."
When Dalio set out the All Weather process in an article a number of Bridgewater's clients decided they would like to allocate to the strategy, too. "They generally set up pilot programmes that represented 1-5% of their overall portfolios, which then increased through time as we monitored how the All Weather concept worked," he says. "Typically it has settled at 10-20%; in some cases it has evolved to 100%, where clients have gone on to implement it themselves."
So this is the essential idea behind risk parity: as Dalio puts it, once you have taken the steps to make all asset classes exhibit approximately the same risk, "you can begin to diversify for all economic environments without giving up expected re turns". Or, to put it another way, your search for diversification need no longer be constrained by fear of its impact on your long-term returns.
The first thing to observe is that All Weather's approach to diversification differs from classic modern portfolio theory in that it is fundamental and qualitative rather than quantitative. All asset classes are priced according to what an investor would pay for the future cash flows upon which it is a claim. Dalio says: "That's how a bond, a stock or a piece of real estate compete," he says, "so the most important driver of return is when the expectation of that income stream changes."
Given that, strategic diversification through the economic cycle is achieved through a balance between asset classes whose fundamentals are best suited to different parts of that cycle, defined as rising growth (good for equities, credit, commodities and emerging market debt); falling growth (good for nominal and inflation-linked bonds); rising inflation (inflation-linked bonds, commodities, EM debt); and falling inflation (nominal bonds and equities).
That has the advantage of recognising potential correlations between different asset classes - "any portfolio that contains corporate bonds and credit should put them in the same bucket as equities because they have the same environmental bias", as Dalio observes. On the other hand, it retains the assumption that pricing rarely dislocates from these fundamentals for long. But don't we have half a millennium of bubbles, manias and panics to prove otherwise?
"That is consistent with neither logic nor the evidence," Dalio insists. "In all of my time watching markets I have come to recognise that it is not at all easy to find mispricing - there are very few no-brainers. The market can get temporarily dislocated or out-of-whack for liquidity reasons and so on, but the essential proof of concept is the behaviour of the All Weather portfolio and the returns of each asset class, backtested all the way back to 1925. Imagine how much stress testing I must have done on this - it has virtually all of my money in it!".
But even if we accept that version of the efficient market hypothesis, we then have to consider the problem it poses to the other pillar of the risk parity strategy, because it requires us to believe that, while different economic environments will affect the strength and directionality of returns to asset classes differently, they will have no effect on their relative volatilities. That is crucial as it will determine the extent to which the leverage that we employ introduces a new, unwanted risk into the portfolio.
Consider what it is we are gearing-up in a risk parity portfolio: the volatility of assets with relatively low volatility. So our next question should be, ‘What causes one asset class to be more volatile than the next?'
Interestingly, Dalio offers two explanations for these market risk premiums. First - and as we have seen, this seems to be the main theoretical basis for All Weather - he makes a duration argument: "If the income stream of an asset is longer then we assume that it will have structurally higher volatility." In other words, because most bonds have a set maturity date but cash flows from equities are potentially perpetual, the risk (and therefore volatility) associated with equity cash flows is structurally higher.
"By borrowing cash, the first thing you do is raise the expected return of the item you are leveraging to a higher level than the item you are borrowing," Dalio explains. "The yield curve is normally upward-sloping, so bonds tend to yield about 2% more than cash over time, so when I borrow cash to lever bonds 1:1, I add another 2% yield by picking up the spread between what I'm borrowing and what I'm buying with the borrowed cash. It's an increased duration risk. So the question is simply, are these asset classes going to outperform cash? That's why we stress tested this portfolio through the Great Depression and Japan's depression: sure enough, it underperformed cash - but still radically outperformed the traditional 60/40 portfolio."
Risk parity strategies make the most sense if we believe that the duration is the key determinant of risk premiums, because under that assumption pricing across most asset classes would share a common delta (in the form of duration). As a result, one could expect the volatility regimes of different asset classes to remain proportionate and correlated through time, and this is important because it removes the big risk that leverage might otherwise introduce - the risk that the volatility of (say) bonds increases by a much greater proportion than that of (say) equities for a significant period. That holds even in the case of a severe spike in volatility - as long as it spikes proportionately across all asset classes.
But as an additional explanation of risk premiums Dalio points out that most higher-returning asset classes are already leveraged. "The average public company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1:1," he observes. "If a law passed tomorrow that prevented companies from borrowing, the risk and return of equity would be less. That's where the equity risk premium comes from." If this explanation for risk premiums holds any water, our conclusions about relative volatilities must be very different: first, we would expect equity volatility regimes to synchronise with the credit cycle, as corporations expand and contract their balance sheets; but more importantly, we might expect the volatility regimes of government bonds and equities to be negatively correlated, as public debt expands to fund automatic stablisers during recessions and contracts thanks to an increased tax-take during the good times.
Common sense would suggest that risk premiums are determined by both of these factors, along with a host of other economic, sentiment and behavioural inputs. But while Dalio acknowledges the importance of debt in determining risk premiums, and the folly of assuming that "the volatility of the recent past is representative of future volatility", the All Weather strategy is squarely based on "one assumed level of volatility" for each asset class, determined largely by its duration.
"Changes in the volatilities of different asset classes are significantly positively correlated," says Dalio. "That's good because it maintains the diversification benefits of the two assets alongside one another. The reason is that the same fundamentals are driving the volatility across all those markets: so in 2008, equity prices shifted from one level that discounted more income for the future to another level that discounted less income for the future, while the same influence was translated into bond price movements. We feel that the returns from these asset classes since 1925, and the performance of All Weather, suggests that these co-movements at different points in time are very reliable."
Figure 1 tests some of these assumptions in US equities and 10-year Treasuries since the mid-1990s. Figure 1a shows how variable the spread between equity and bond monthly price volatility (rolling annual) can be: it is surprising how much of the line is below zero; less surprising to see the spikes associated with dotcom and 2008-9. Again, that's not necessarily a problem for risk parity as long as the correlation between the two volatilities remains positive. But figure 1b also shows that rolling two-year correlation between annual equity and bond volatility can swing from almost perfectly positive to almost perfectly negative, and that lengthening the sample period does almost nothing to reduce these extremes (correlation for the five years to July 2004 was -0.71, and to June 2010, +0.94). Correlation over the full 18 years comes in at just +0.47.
Such dislocation as there has been over eight decades has not been enough to derail the All Weather portfolio. We might observe that low correlation appears to have coincided with periods of low-volatility in equity markets during our 1993-2010 sample, and high correlation with high volatility: that would account for the lack of impact that the dislocations have had on the portfolio. But the idea that the co-determination is stable is questionable, at least, raising the prospect of dislocations coinciding with periods of high equity volatility in the future.
Risk parity strategies like All Weather have an intuitive plausibility and All Weather, in particular, has an impressive set of real and simulated numbers to confirm that intuition. But investors who consider this approach for their core beta portfolios might also consider the implications of what may be its internal contradiction: the idea that it is possible to diversify economic exposure to the credit cycle, and yet leverage parts of that exposure differently on the assumption that the credit cycle has no effect (or a uniform effect) on asset volatility. Fundamental diversification is famously the only free lunch in finance. One can leverage that free lunch by gearing-up the entirety of a fundamentally-diversified portfolio. There is no reason to think that gearing-up parts of that portfolio amounts to the same thing.
Author: Martin Steward
http://caldeiraodebolsa.jornaldenegocio ... &start=950
VirtuaGod, podes ver o video seguinte a partir do tempo 0:47:30 até 0:51:52 e comentar a estratégia de Ray Dalio no sentido de que se aproxima do objectivo dos 20%?
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/SFaRazMpxcM?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFaRazMpxcM
Mais uma estratégia:
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ze_zDhnc_ns?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze_zDhnc_ns
At the Bloomberg Markets 50 Summit on Thursday, Ray Dalio spoke about his trading strategy for the first time ever (we think) in public.
It's actually quite simple. He's found that 15 uncorrelated return streams is the perfect number - any more than that and you only reduce your risk by a small percentage. But at 15, you reduce your risk by about 80%.
How you choose those 15 depends on your view of gold, for example. However you can take no view. Your cIf you have 15 or more good, uncorrelated return streams -- the math of that is such that if you go from 1 to 2 uncorrelated return streams. That you will reduce your risk by about 80% at about 15. And there's a certain math to it; there's a certain structure to it. If I was to show you a chart, I could describe it mathematically. So for example, if I had return streams that were 60% correlated, and I had a thousand of them, I would only reduce the risk by about 15%. And after 5 or 6, it's limited. SO there's a certain notion when approaching investing. What do I want? I need to have a certain structure. That can come in the form of alphas and betas. What is my risk neutral position? I'll say everybody in the room, they say what should I invest in? They don't start off, I think, with what is a neutral position. What represents a good neutral position, balance? For example, does gold represent a part of my portfolio? What should, if I had no view, what should the concentration in dollars be? What is a structural beta portfolio? And then how do I take a deviation from that beta portfolio? And how do I do that in an uncorrelated way, so that I can then maximize my return to risk? So in that first principle, what I'm saying is that if you follow that first principle and you get 15 good -- don't have to be great -- uncorrelated return streams, you'll improve your return to your risk by a factor of 5. That means 5 times the return for the same amount of risk. That's just a principle; that's a reality...
When I say uncorrelated asset classes, what I'm really doing is not using the classic measure of correlation, like stocks and bonds are 40% correlated. What I am instead really referring to us, do you know how they behave, and is it intrinsically going to behave alike or differently?
Dalio also said some interesting things about what he assumes will happen during the daily "exchange."
O artigo seguinte refere a carteira balanceada em risk parity:
The truly balanced portfolio
http://www.ipe.com/magazine/the-truly-b ... _37013.php
01 Oct 2010
Martin Steward spoke with the pioneer of alpha/beta separation and ‘risk parity' about strategic diversified beta portfolios
Investors who want at least part of their asset management programme to be an efficient, strategic exposure to global markets that requires minimal forecasting or tactical asset allocation ability face a knotty problem.
Finding two types of risk that respond differently to the two fundamental economic environments - growth and recession - is the easy part. Fixed income assets like bonds will do well when things slow down; growth assets like equities will do well when they heat up again. Achieving a balanced portfolio should be as simple as holding both and rebalancing regularly.
But achieving this balance isn't easy, of course, because bonds and equities exhibit different risk/return characteristics. Split your portfolio 50/50 and, while 50% of your asset allocation is in equities, those equities account for about 70% of your allocation to risk (crudely defined), because they are twice as volatile as bonds. 50/50 is really 70/30. Try to achieve a 50/50 risk allocation, and you end up with something more like a 35/65 portfolio. Which is great - except your gains will be paltry because bonds earn about half the long-term return of equities.
For some time two basic solutions to this problem have been proposed. The most widely implemented has simply extended the modern portfolio theory principle that underpins the initial equity/bond split (combining two assets with low correlation with one another can reduce risk more than it reduces return) into the equity side of the portfolio. By combining ‘diversified growth' asset classes, the theory suggests that an investor can maintain the return of a growth portfolio while bringing its risk closer to that of a bond portfolio. Reality, particularly the kind of reality we got in 2008, suggests that much of that diversification can evaporate from time to time; and during these times, not only is the risk not lower, it is usually higher because volatility rises as downside directional correlation increases.
The second basic solution has come to be known as a ‘risk parity' portfolio. As that name suggests, this also tries to bring the relative volatility of fixed income and growth assets into parity, but the key emphasis is less on diversifying the growth part than on leveraging the fixed income part (usually via bond futures). The last couple of years has seen a flurry of interest in risk parity, particularly among US institutional investors, but it was pioneered almost 15 years ago by Ray Dalio, president, CIO and founder of $80bn asset management giant Bridgewater Associates. Founded in 1975 as a provider of economic research and advice and a fixed income and currency hedging manager for corporates and, later, institutional investors, by 1991 it had launched a hedge fund, Pure Alpha, now worth $50bn.
What is a hedge fund manager doing experimenting with dull stuff like strategic beta solutions? Well, Dalio pioneered risk parity in part because he had also pioneered ideas like alpha/beta separation, based on his conviction (now much more widely-accepted) that it is impossible to manage either one efficiently as long as they are being mixed together. Once you have decided that you should manage the two separately, it makes sense to make them both as efficient as possible on their own terms. Moreover, Dalio had a personal reason to develop an efficient strategic beta solution. "In the mid-90s I started to accumulate some money that I wanted to use to establish a family trust, and for that trust I wanted the right asset allocation mix," he recalls. "That's when I created the All Weather portfolio, which now accounts for virtually all of that family trust money."
When Dalio set out the All Weather process in an article a number of Bridgewater's clients decided they would like to allocate to the strategy, too. "They generally set up pilot programmes that represented 1-5% of their overall portfolios, which then increased through time as we monitored how the All Weather concept worked," he says. "Typically it has settled at 10-20%; in some cases it has evolved to 100%, where clients have gone on to implement it themselves."
So this is the essential idea behind risk parity: as Dalio puts it, once you have taken the steps to make all asset classes exhibit approximately the same risk, "you can begin to diversify for all economic environments without giving up expected re turns". Or, to put it another way, your search for diversification need no longer be constrained by fear of its impact on your long-term returns.
The first thing to observe is that All Weather's approach to diversification differs from classic modern portfolio theory in that it is fundamental and qualitative rather than quantitative. All asset classes are priced according to what an investor would pay for the future cash flows upon which it is a claim. Dalio says: "That's how a bond, a stock or a piece of real estate compete," he says, "so the most important driver of return is when the expectation of that income stream changes."
Given that, strategic diversification through the economic cycle is achieved through a balance between asset classes whose fundamentals are best suited to different parts of that cycle, defined as rising growth (good for equities, credit, commodities and emerging market debt); falling growth (good for nominal and inflation-linked bonds); rising inflation (inflation-linked bonds, commodities, EM debt); and falling inflation (nominal bonds and equities).
That has the advantage of recognising potential correlations between different asset classes - "any portfolio that contains corporate bonds and credit should put them in the same bucket as equities because they have the same environmental bias", as Dalio observes. On the other hand, it retains the assumption that pricing rarely dislocates from these fundamentals for long. But don't we have half a millennium of bubbles, manias and panics to prove otherwise?
"That is consistent with neither logic nor the evidence," Dalio insists. "In all of my time watching markets I have come to recognise that it is not at all easy to find mispricing - there are very few no-brainers. The market can get temporarily dislocated or out-of-whack for liquidity reasons and so on, but the essential proof of concept is the behaviour of the All Weather portfolio and the returns of each asset class, backtested all the way back to 1925. Imagine how much stress testing I must have done on this - it has virtually all of my money in it!".
But even if we accept that version of the efficient market hypothesis, we then have to consider the problem it poses to the other pillar of the risk parity strategy, because it requires us to believe that, while different economic environments will affect the strength and directionality of returns to asset classes differently, they will have no effect on their relative volatilities. That is crucial as it will determine the extent to which the leverage that we employ introduces a new, unwanted risk into the portfolio.
Consider what it is we are gearing-up in a risk parity portfolio: the volatility of assets with relatively low volatility. So our next question should be, ‘What causes one asset class to be more volatile than the next?'
Interestingly, Dalio offers two explanations for these market risk premiums. First - and as we have seen, this seems to be the main theoretical basis for All Weather - he makes a duration argument: "If the income stream of an asset is longer then we assume that it will have structurally higher volatility." In other words, because most bonds have a set maturity date but cash flows from equities are potentially perpetual, the risk (and therefore volatility) associated with equity cash flows is structurally higher.
"By borrowing cash, the first thing you do is raise the expected return of the item you are leveraging to a higher level than the item you are borrowing," Dalio explains. "The yield curve is normally upward-sloping, so bonds tend to yield about 2% more than cash over time, so when I borrow cash to lever bonds 1:1, I add another 2% yield by picking up the spread between what I'm borrowing and what I'm buying with the borrowed cash. It's an increased duration risk. So the question is simply, are these asset classes going to outperform cash? That's why we stress tested this portfolio through the Great Depression and Japan's depression: sure enough, it underperformed cash - but still radically outperformed the traditional 60/40 portfolio."
Risk parity strategies make the most sense if we believe that the duration is the key determinant of risk premiums, because under that assumption pricing across most asset classes would share a common delta (in the form of duration). As a result, one could expect the volatility regimes of different asset classes to remain proportionate and correlated through time, and this is important because it removes the big risk that leverage might otherwise introduce - the risk that the volatility of (say) bonds increases by a much greater proportion than that of (say) equities for a significant period. That holds even in the case of a severe spike in volatility - as long as it spikes proportionately across all asset classes.
But as an additional explanation of risk premiums Dalio points out that most higher-returning asset classes are already leveraged. "The average public company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1:1," he observes. "If a law passed tomorrow that prevented companies from borrowing, the risk and return of equity would be less. That's where the equity risk premium comes from." If this explanation for risk premiums holds any water, our conclusions about relative volatilities must be very different: first, we would expect equity volatility regimes to synchronise with the credit cycle, as corporations expand and contract their balance sheets; but more importantly, we might expect the volatility regimes of government bonds and equities to be negatively correlated, as public debt expands to fund automatic stablisers during recessions and contracts thanks to an increased tax-take during the good times.
Common sense would suggest that risk premiums are determined by both of these factors, along with a host of other economic, sentiment and behavioural inputs. But while Dalio acknowledges the importance of debt in determining risk premiums, and the folly of assuming that "the volatility of the recent past is representative of future volatility", the All Weather strategy is squarely based on "one assumed level of volatility" for each asset class, determined largely by its duration.
"Changes in the volatilities of different asset classes are significantly positively correlated," says Dalio. "That's good because it maintains the diversification benefits of the two assets alongside one another. The reason is that the same fundamentals are driving the volatility across all those markets: so in 2008, equity prices shifted from one level that discounted more income for the future to another level that discounted less income for the future, while the same influence was translated into bond price movements. We feel that the returns from these asset classes since 1925, and the performance of All Weather, suggests that these co-movements at different points in time are very reliable."
Figure 1 tests some of these assumptions in US equities and 10-year Treasuries since the mid-1990s. Figure 1a shows how variable the spread between equity and bond monthly price volatility (rolling annual) can be: it is surprising how much of the line is below zero; less surprising to see the spikes associated with dotcom and 2008-9. Again, that's not necessarily a problem for risk parity as long as the correlation between the two volatilities remains positive. But figure 1b also shows that rolling two-year correlation between annual equity and bond volatility can swing from almost perfectly positive to almost perfectly negative, and that lengthening the sample period does almost nothing to reduce these extremes (correlation for the five years to July 2004 was -0.71, and to June 2010, +0.94). Correlation over the full 18 years comes in at just +0.47.
Such dislocation as there has been over eight decades has not been enough to derail the All Weather portfolio. We might observe that low correlation appears to have coincided with periods of low-volatility in equity markets during our 1993-2010 sample, and high correlation with high volatility: that would account for the lack of impact that the dislocations have had on the portfolio. But the idea that the co-determination is stable is questionable, at least, raising the prospect of dislocations coinciding with periods of high equity volatility in the future.
Risk parity strategies like All Weather have an intuitive plausibility and All Weather, in particular, has an impressive set of real and simulated numbers to confirm that intuition. But investors who consider this approach for their core beta portfolios might also consider the implications of what may be its internal contradiction: the idea that it is possible to diversify economic exposure to the credit cycle, and yet leverage parts of that exposure differently on the assumption that the credit cycle has no effect (or a uniform effect) on asset volatility. Fundamental diversification is famously the only free lunch in finance. One can leverage that free lunch by gearing-up the entirety of a fundamentally-diversified portfolio. There is no reason to think that gearing-up parts of that portfolio amounts to the same thing.
Author: Martin Steward
VirtuaGod Escreveu:joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu:Figueiraa1 Escreveu:Talvez se pudesse aumentar a rentabilidade duma carteira como a descrita no "Enriquecer Devagar".
O VirtuaGod tem conhecimentos muito interessantes para melhorar a rentabilidade da carteira. A última boa ideia ronda os 20%, mas acho que só vai entrar em detalhes, quando ficar milionário
A BridgeWater tem a estratégia deles no site tim tim por tim, não é por isso que deixaram de ser o maior Hedge Fund do mundo em AUMs. Vou pensar no caso ao desenvolver a estratégia...
Obrigado pela partilha. Não conhecia o Ray Dalio. Lá vou ter que ler e estudar mais acerca das estratégias da BridgeWater.
joaopedroinvestidor Escreveu:Figueiraa1 Escreveu:Talvez se pudesse aumentar a rentabilidade duma carteira como a descrita no "Enriquecer Devagar".
O VirtuaGod tem conhecimentos muito interessantes para melhorar a rentabilidade da carteira. A última boa ideia ronda os 20%, mas acho que só vai entrar em detalhes, quando ficar milionário
A BridgeWater tem a estratégia deles no site tim tim por tim, não é por isso que deixaram de ser o maior Hedge Fund do mundo em AUMs. Vou pensar no caso ao desenvolver a estratégia...
Artigos e estudos: Página repositório dos meus estudos e análises que vou fazendo. Regularmente actualizada. É costume pelo menos mais um estudo por semana. Inclui a análise e acompanhamento das carteiras 4 e 8Fundos.
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Acho que devem continuar a explorar boas ideias com esses retornos, sim e não vai demorar nada a ficarem milionários. o Malkiel estaria certamente interessado nelas.
Já agora, joãopedro, por acaso a estratégia do senhor é exactamente a que refiro, eliminando o problema que refiro: a utilização de index funds. Boas leituras.
Já agora, joãopedro, por acaso a estratégia do senhor é exactamente a que refiro, eliminando o problema que refiro: a utilização de index funds. Boas leituras.
Figueiraa1 Escreveu:Talvez se pudesse aumentar a rentabilidade duma carteira como a descrita no "Enriquecer Devagar".
O VirtuaGod tem conhecimentos muito interessantes para melhorar a rentabilidade da carteira. A última boa ideia ronda os 20%, mas acho que só vai entrar em detalhes, quando ficar milionário

Pata-Hari Escreveu:O meu comentário não se aplica à estratégia do senhor da qual conheço apenas aqueles 5 parágrafos que não se auto-explicam. Como não se auto-explicam, eu coloco questões. Queres responder e explicar tu?
Pata, lê o "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" que acho que vai ser uma mais valia para ti.

Artigos e estudos: Página repositório dos meus estudos e análises que vou fazendo. Regularmente actualizada. É costume pelo menos mais um estudo por semana. Inclui a análise e acompanhamento das carteiras 4 e 8Fundos.
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Portfolio Analyser: Ferramenta para backtests de Fundos e ETFs Europeus
"We don’t need a crystal ball to be successful investors. However, investing as if you have one is almost guaranteed to lead to sub-par results." The Irrelevant Investor
Pata-Hari Escreveu:O meu comentário não se aplica à estratégia do senhor da qual conheço apenas aqueles 5 parágrafos que não se auto-explicam. Como não se auto-explicam, eu coloco questões. Queres responder e explicar tu?
As questões estão respondidas no livro "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" e nos videos:
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/wnCxlIQjT-s?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnCxlIQjT-s
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/fl0_9EziKjg?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl0_9EziKjg
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/2Z9lJ-hn6BA?feature=player_detailpage" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Z9lJ-hn6BA
Pata-Hari Escreveu:João Pedro, não estou a entender a tua agressividade, francamente. Queres explicar qual é o teu problema com as minhas perguntas?
Relembro-te que quem coloca posts abertos a comentários à partida aceita as perguntas e comentários e coloca os posts exactamente para discussão. É para isso que este espaço existe, só e apenas. Ora tu não estás nem a responder, nem a argumentar, nem a acrescentar nada para além da aparente tentativa de insulto despropositado.
Dizer que não te interessa nada o que os outros dizem ou perguntam, não tem lugar aqui. Só cá está quem se interessa pelo que os outros dizem e quem partilha algo com os outros. Aliás, no limite, respondo-te que também não interessa nada esse tipo de comentário, que não acrescentaste nada para além de um insulto inusitado e out-of-place que nem está aqui a fazer nada e será apagado.
E já que afirmaste que irias relembrar o contexto, acabaste por te esquecer de o relembrar. Relembra lá. Isso seria finalmente um contributo e terias finalmente acrescentado algo que talvez alguém queira ler.
O meu comentário foi no sentido de eu perceber a tua posição em relação à estratégia de Burt Malkiel.
João Pedro, não estou a entender a tua agressividade, francamente. Queres explicar qual é o teu problema com as minhas perguntas?
Relembro-te que quem coloca posts abertos a comentários à partida aceita as perguntas e comentários e coloca os posts exactamente para discussão. É para isso que este espaço existe, só e apenas. Ora tu não estás nem a responder, nem a argumentar, nem a acrescentar nada para além da aparente tentativa de insulto despropositado.
Dizer que não te interessa nada o que os outros dizem ou perguntam, não tem lugar aqui. Só cá está quem se interessa pelo que os outros dizem e quem partilha algo com os outros. Aliás, no limite, respondo-te que também não interessa nada esse tipo de comentário, que não acrescentaste nada para além de um insulto inusitado e out-of-place que nem está aqui a fazer nada e será apagado.
E já que afirmaste que irias relembrar o contexto, acabaste por te esquecer de o relembrar. Relembra lá. Isso seria finalmente um contributo e terias finalmente acrescentado algo que talvez alguém queira ler.
Relembro-te que quem coloca posts abertos a comentários à partida aceita as perguntas e comentários e coloca os posts exactamente para discussão. É para isso que este espaço existe, só e apenas. Ora tu não estás nem a responder, nem a argumentar, nem a acrescentar nada para além da aparente tentativa de insulto despropositado.
Dizer que não te interessa nada o que os outros dizem ou perguntam, não tem lugar aqui. Só cá está quem se interessa pelo que os outros dizem e quem partilha algo com os outros. Aliás, no limite, respondo-te que também não interessa nada esse tipo de comentário, que não acrescentaste nada para além de um insulto inusitado e out-of-place que nem está aqui a fazer nada e será apagado.
E já que afirmaste que irias relembrar o contexto, acabaste por te esquecer de o relembrar. Relembra lá. Isso seria finalmente um contributo e terias finalmente acrescentado algo que talvez alguém queira ler.
Pata-Hari Escreveu:Não são piadas, são comentários.
Mais, estas frases fazem sentido num determinado contexto e certamente não o fazem em carteiras de stock picking. Fazem em carteiras de asset allocation e com utilização de instrumentos diversificados (os ETFs, por exemplo, que o LTCM sugere nos outros seus tópicos). A única coisa que consegues ao aplicar esta estratégia a uma carteira de stock picking é constituir um portfolio com todas as empresas falidas em que tiveste a má ideia de investir.
Quanto ao segundo comentário, consegues discordar que na Europa uma carteira com 50% de acções NÃO é uma carteira conservadora? eu nunca vi uma carteira conservadora com 50% de acções e devo ter visto uns milhares na minha vida. Isto é uma postura exclusivamente americana (e com a qual não discordo, pelo contrário, só que não reflecte a realidade europeia)
Relembro o contexto "Burt Malkiel’s five-step market-beating formula". O retorno expectável está associado a uma estratégia. E não desvies para stock picking, etf's, carteiras conservadoras... Eu quero lá saber dos 50% e das posturas se são americanas ou não, se eu conseguir obter um bom retorno! Conheces alguma estratégia que consiga bater o mercado?
Não são piadas, são comentários.
Mais, estas frases fazem sentido num determinado contexto e certamente não o fazem em carteiras de stock picking. Fazem em carteiras de asset allocation e com utilização de instrumentos diversificados (os ETFs, por exemplo, que o LTCM sugere nos outros seus tópicos). A única coisa que consegues ao aplicar esta estratégia a uma carteira de stock picking é constituir um portfolio com todas as empresas falidas em que tiveste a má ideia de investir.
Quanto ao segundo comentário, consegues discordar que na Europa uma carteira com 50% de acções NÃO é uma carteira conservadora? eu nunca vi uma carteira conservadora com 50% de acções e devo ter visto uns milhares na minha vida. Isto é uma postura exclusivamente americana (e com a qual não discordo, pelo contrário, só que não reflecte a realidade europeia)
Mais, estas frases fazem sentido num determinado contexto e certamente não o fazem em carteiras de stock picking. Fazem em carteiras de asset allocation e com utilização de instrumentos diversificados (os ETFs, por exemplo, que o LTCM sugere nos outros seus tópicos). A única coisa que consegues ao aplicar esta estratégia a uma carteira de stock picking é constituir um portfolio com todas as empresas falidas em que tiveste a má ideia de investir.
Quanto ao segundo comentário, consegues discordar que na Europa uma carteira com 50% de acções NÃO é uma carteira conservadora? eu nunca vi uma carteira conservadora com 50% de acções e devo ter visto uns milhares na minha vida. Isto é uma postura exclusivamente americana (e com a qual não discordo, pelo contrário, só que não reflecte a realidade europeia)
Pata-Hari Escreveu:Esta é gira.... alavancar os perdedores e diminuir os ganhadores....??The best strategy is to sell your portfolio’s big winners and buy its biggest losers once a year.
A outra com piada é o portfolio extremamente conservador com 50% de acções... só mesmo nos states é que isso é um perfil extremamente conservador.
Não entendo as piadas. Burt Malkiel é um dos melhores gestores de nivel mundial e com provas dadas.
Em relação à estratégia, consegues fazer melhor?
LTCM Escreveu:Supermann Escreveu:o que achas de usar um overlay de tendencia de longo prazo para o caso de as coisas darem para o torto?
Cumprimentos
Se a conseguires implementar (put option?) é uma excelente conceito, pela análise dos dados históricos, está demonstrado que esse tipo de operação tem permitido bons resultados, em especial "hedging currency risk", suaviza o risco e/ou sobe a rentabilidade a um custo relativamente baixo.
Estou a desenterrar este tópico. Tive que cavar bem fundo

Sobre a questão levantada pelo Superman alguém chegou a alguma conclusão?
Talvez se pudesse aumentar a rentabilidade duma carteira como a descrita no "Enriquecer Devagar".
A Woman is the most valuable asset a man will ever own, it's only a shame that some of us only realise that when she is gone..
Supermann Escreveu:o que achas de usar um overlay de tendencia de longo prazo para o caso de as coisas darem para o torto?
Cumprimentos
Se a conseguires implementar (put option?) é uma excelente conceito, pela análise dos dados históricos, está demonstrado que esse tipo de operação tem permitido bons resultados, em especial "hedging currency risk", suaviza o risco e/ou sobe a rentabilidade a um custo relativamente baixo.
Remember the Golden Rule: Those who have the gold make the rules.
***
"A soberania e o respeito de Portugal impõem que neste lugar se erga um Forte, e isso é obra e serviço dos homens de El-Rei nosso senhor e, como tal, por mais duro, por mais difícil e por mais trabalhoso que isso dê, (...) é serviço de Portugal. E tem que se cumprir."
***
"A soberania e o respeito de Portugal impõem que neste lugar se erga um Forte, e isso é obra e serviço dos homens de El-Rei nosso senhor e, como tal, por mais duro, por mais difícil e por mais trabalhoso que isso dê, (...) é serviço de Portugal. E tem que se cumprir."
LTCM, sim referia-me exactamente ao Total Return e a outro da PIMCO que também me chamou a atenção que não era o Bill a gerir mas também bastante atractivo e certinho...
Concordo que todo este tipo de fundos tem vindo a ser altamente beneficiados com o super bull market do mercado de divida desde meados dos anos 80 e isso poe um gajo sempre a pensar obviamente. No entanto acho o BG um gestor extraordinário, pode ser que mesmo numa situação dessas se consiga esquivar... ou então pelo sim pelo não imaginando que se subscreve o que achas de usar um overlay de tendencia de longo prazo para o caso de as coisas darem para o torto?
Cumprimentos
Concordo que todo este tipo de fundos tem vindo a ser altamente beneficiados com o super bull market do mercado de divida desde meados dos anos 80 e isso poe um gajo sempre a pensar obviamente. No entanto acho o BG um gestor extraordinário, pode ser que mesmo numa situação dessas se consiga esquivar... ou então pelo sim pelo não imaginando que se subscreve o que achas de usar um overlay de tendencia de longo prazo para o caso de as coisas darem para o torto?
Cumprimentos
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